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PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES: PICO Searching

PICO Searching

The PICO Framework

PICO is a way of putting together research questions which is often used in Evidence Based Practice.  It helps practitioners formulate a question by identifying four key factors to consider : -

  • Population
  • Intervention
  • Comparison
  • Outcome 

Population

The situation, population or person you are interested in (for example, elderly in-patients with problems of compliance with treatment). They may seem easy to identify, however, without explicit description of who the population is, the clinician can get off on the wrong foot in searching. Careful consideration of the patient and the setting of interest is a good idea. Limiting the population to a certain age group or other special subgroup is also useful. (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2005, p29).

Intervention

The thing that you think will make a difference, for instance - a self-medication training package (an intervention may not always be required or appropriate, depending on the type of question). The intervention may include but is not limited to: any exposure, treatment, patient perception, diagnostic test, or prognostic factor. The more specifically the intervention of interest is defined, the more focused the search will be (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2005, p29).

Comparison

The comparison is measured against the intervention (a comparison is not always required or appropriate depending on the type of question). The comparison needs special consideration. The comparison can be a true control, such as a placebo. More commonly the comparison is another treatment, sometimes the usual standard of care. For example a comparison to the ‘self training medical package’ could be nurse delivered instructions. If there is no standard of care, the comparison may be ‘no treatment’ or ‘no intervention’ (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2005, p29).

Outcome

Tthe outcome is the end point of interest. Specifically identifying the outcome enables the researcher to find evidence that examined the same outcome variable. This is important because sometimes a variable may be measured in different ways. (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2005, p29). For example, smoking cessation may be measured in terms of the proportion of people who quit for 3 months, or the average reduction in cigarettes smoked per person over 3 months. (Melnyk, 2005, p29)

 

Other Points to Consider

Your Patient is not just an individual with a health conditon. In addition to age and gender, you may also need to consider ethnicity, socioeconomic status or other demographic variables.

Comparisons are not compulsory - if it's not appropriate for your question then leave it out.

Outcomes should be measurable as the best evidence comes from rigorous studies with statistically significant findings.

An Outcome ideally measures clinical wellbeing or quality of life - the focus should be on helping the patient not comparing laboratory test results

 

 

Melnyk, B.M. & Fineout-Overholt, E. 2005, Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: a guide to best practice, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.

PICO Templates

It may also help you to identify and focus your practice based question by considering what type of question you can ask about your topic.

Here are six types of questions that could be asked, with examples. The population, intervention, comparison and outcome for each question is pointed out to further show the use of the PICO framework. This shows how using both PICO and considering the question type can help you to develop a focused practice based question.

Therapy questions

  • In **** what is the effect of **** on **** compared with ****?
  • In male middle-aged long-term smokers (P) what is the effect of smoking cessation groups (I) on success rates (O) compared to the use of nicotine patches (C)?

Causation questions

  • Are **** who have **** at **** risk for/of **** compared with **** with/without ****?
  • Are 30-50 year old women (P) who have high blood pressure (I) at increased risk for myocardial infarction (O) compared with women without high blood pressure (C)?

Diagnostic question

  • Are (is) **** more accurate in diagnosing **** compared with ****?
  • Is the Edinburgh Post-Natal Depression Scale (I) more accurate in diagnosing (O) PND (P) than a generic mental health depression scale? (C)

Therapy questions

  • In **** what is the effect of **** on **** compared with ****?
  • In male middle-aged long-term smokers (P) what is the effect of smoking cessation groups (I) on success rates (O) compared to the use of nicotine patches (C)?

Causation questions

  • Are **** who have **** at **** risk for/of **** compared with **** with/without ****?
  • Are 30-50 year old women (P) who have high blood pressure (I) at increased risk for myocardial infarction (O) compared with women without high blood pressure (C)?

Diagnostic question

  • Are (is) **** more accurate in diagnosing **** compared with ****?
  • Is the Edinburgh Post-Natal Depression Scale (I) more accurate in diagnosing (O) PND (P) than a generic mental health depression scale? (C)

 

PILOT by Imperial College London, modified by Marion Kelt, Glasgow Caledonian University and by Emma McDonald, University of Brighton is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Further Resources